Ama-elekthronikhi kanye namagajethi
I-elekthronikhi igatsha lesayensi, ezobunjiniyela kanye nobuchwepheshe obusebenza ngemijikelezo kagesi ebandakanya izinto ezisebenza ngogesi ezinjengamashubhu we-vacuum, ama-transistors, ama-diode neziyingi ezihlanganisiwe, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana bokuxhumana obuhambisanayo. Ukuziphatha okungekho emgqeni wezinto ezisebenzayo kanye nekhono labo lokulawula ukuhamba kwe-elektroni kwenza ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpawu ezibuthakathaka kungenzeka futhi kuvame ukusetshenziselwa imininingwane kanye nokusebenza kwezimpawu. Ngokufanayo, amandla amadivayisi we-elekthroniki ukwenza njengokushintshwa kwenza ukucubungula imininingwane yedijithali kwenzeke. Ubuchwepheshe be-Interconnection obufana namabhodi wesifunda, ubuchwepheshe bokufakwa kwezinto ze-elekthronikhi, nezinye izindlela ezahlukahlukene zezingqalasizinda zokuxhumana zisebenza ngokuphelele kwesekethe futhi ziguqule izingxenye ezixubekile zaba uhlelo lokusebenza.
Igajethi yinto encane yezobuchwepheshe enomsebenzi othile, kepha evame ukucatshangwa njengento entsha. Amagajethi abhekwa ngokungathi njalo ukuthi aklanywe ngokungajwayelekile noma ngobuhlakani kunezinto ezijwayelekile zobuchwepheshe ngesikhathi sokusungulwa kwawo. Amagajethi kwesinye isikhathi abizwa nangokuthi yi-gizmos.
Ama-elekthronikhi ahlukile kunesayensi nezobuchwepheshe ezisebenza ngogesi nezisebenza nge-elekthronikhi, ezisebenza ngesizukulwane, ukusatshalaliswa, ukushintshwa, ukugcinwa kanye nokuguqulwa kwamandla kagesi kuye nakwamanye izinhlobo zamandla kusetshenziswa izintambo, ama-motor, ama-generator, amabhethri, ukushintshwa, ukudlulisa, ukuguqula izinto nezinye izinto zokwenziwa nje. Lokhu kwahlukaniswa kwaqala ngase-1906 ngokusungulwa kukaLee De Forest we-triode, okwenza ukukhuliswa ngogesi kwezibonakaliso zomsakazo ezibuthakathaka nezimpawu zomsindo kungenzeka ngohlelo olungeyona eyomishini. Kuze kube yi-1950 le nkambu yabizwa ubuchwepheshe bomsakazo ngoba ukusebenza kwayo okuyinhloko kwakuwukuklanywa kanye nomqondo wabasakazi bokudlulisela imisakazo, abemukelayo kanye namashubhu wokuhlanza.
Namuhla, iningi lamadivaysi kagesi asebenzisa izingxenye ze-semiconductor ukwenza ukulawula kwe-elektroni. Ukutadisha kwamadivaysi e-semiconductor nobuchwepheshe obuhlobene kubhekwa njengegatsha le-physics eqinile yombuso, kanti ukuklanywa nokwakhiwa kwamasekethe kagesi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezisebenzayo kungena ngaphansi kobunjiniyela be-elekthronikhi. Le ndatshana igxile ezicini zobunjiniyela bogesi.
Ingxenye ye-elekthronikhi yinoma iyiphi into ebonakalayo ohlelweni lwe-elekthronikhi esetshenziselwa ukuthinta ama-elektroni noma izinkundla zawo ezihambisana nawo ngendlela efiselekayo ehambisana nomsebenzi ohlosiwe wohlelo lwe-elekthronikhi. Izakhi ngokuvamile zenzelwe ukuxhunywa ndawonye, imvamisa ngokuthengiswa kwibhodi yesifunda eprintiwe (PCB), ukudala isekethe esebenza ngogesi ngomsebenzi othile (ngokwesibonelo i-amplifier, i-radio receiver, noma i-oscillator). Izinhlanganisela zingahlanganiswa zodwa noma ngamaqembu ayinkimbinkimbi njengamasekethe ahlanganisiwe. Ezinye izinto ezijwayelekile ze-elekthronikhi zingama-capacitors, ama-inductors, ama-resistors, ama-diode, ama-transistors, njll. Izakhi zivame ukuhlukaniswa njengezisebenzayo (isib. Ama-transistors nama-thyristors) noma ama-passive (isib. Ama-resistors kanye nama-capacitors).
Imishini eminingi ye-analog kagesi, efana nokwamukela umsakazo, yakhiwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa zemibuthano eyisisekelo. Amasekhethi we-Analog asebenzisa uhla oluqhubekayo lwamandla kagesi ngokungafani namazinga we-discrete njengakwimibuthano yedijithali. Inani lemibuthano ehlukahlukene ye-analog asungulwe manje likhulu, ikakhulukazi ngoba umjikelezo ungachazwa njenganoma yini kusukela esakhiweni esisodwa, ezinhlelweni eziqukethe izinkulungwane zezinto. Amasekhethi we-Analog kwesinye isikhathi abizwa ngokuthi amasekethe asebenza ngokuqondile yize imiphumela eminingi engekho emugqeni isetshenziswa kumasekethe e-analog afana nabahlanganisi, ama-modulators, njll. Izibonelo ezinhle zemibuthano ye-analog zifaka i-vacuum tube nama-transistor amplifiers, amplifiers asebenzayo kanye nama-oscillator.
Umuntu akavamile ukuthola amasekethe anamuhla angama-analog ngokuphelele. Lezi zinsuku i-analog circry zingasebenzisa amasu wedijithali noma we-microprocessor ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza. Lolu hlobo lwesekethe luvame ukubizwa ngokuthi yisiginali elihlanganisiwe kune-analog noma yedijithali. Kwesinye isikhathi kungaba nzima ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwamasekethe e-analog nawedijithali ngoba anezici zokusebenza zombambo zombili nokungahambisani. Isibonelo ukuqhathanisa okuthatha uhla oluqhubekayo lwamandla kagesi kepha kuphuma kuphela elinye lamazinga amabili njengakwisijikelezo sedijithali. Ngokufanayo, i-amplifier ye-overdriven transplor ingathatha izici zoshintsho olulawulwayo olunamazinga amabili wokukhipha.
Imijikelezo yedijithali iyimibuthano kagesi esekwe kumazinga wamandla we-disc we-discrete. Imijikelezo yedijithali iyisibonakaliso esivame kakhulu seBoolean algebra futhi iyisisekelo sawo wonke amakhompyutha edijithali. Iningi lonjiniyela, imigomo yedijithali, isistimu yedijithali kanye nemicikilisho yokushintshana kuyaguquguquka esimeni sokujikeleza kwedijithali. Amasekhethi amaningi edijithali asebenzisa uhlelo kanambambili olunamazinga amabili kagesi abhalwe ukuthi i-0 ne-1. Imvamisa i-0 enengqondo izoba yivolumu ephansi futhi kubhekwe kuyo njengePhansi ngenkathi i-logic 1 ibizwa ngokuthi yiPhezulu. Noma kunjalo, ezinye izinhlelo zisebenzisa incazelo eguqukayo (i-0 iphakeme) noma zamanje zisekelwe. Kufundwe umbono kaTernary (onezifunda ezintathu), futhi kwenziwa namakhompyutha athile wesibonelo. Amakhompyutha, iwashi le-elekthronikhi, kanye nabalawuli be-logic abahlelekileko bakhiwe ngemibuthano yedijithali. Ama-processor edigital angesinye isibonelo.