Electronics thiab Khoom Siv
Electronics yog ib ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb, engineering thiab thev naus laus zis uas cuam tshuam nrog cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob uas muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob xws li lub tshuab nqus tsev, transistors, diodes thiab kev sib koom ua ke, thiab cov thev naus laus zis sib cuam tshuam. Kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv nquag thiab lawv lub peev xwm los tswj cov hluav taws xob ntws ua rau kev nthuav dav ntawm cov cim tsis muaj zog thiab feem ntau yog siv rau cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov teeb liab ua. Ib yam li ntawd, lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ua cov keyboards ua rau cov ntaub ntawv digital ua tau. Interconnection technologies xws li Circuit Court boards, electronics ntim tshuab, thiab lwm yam ntau yam kev sib txuas lus infrastructure ua tiav Circuit Court functionality thiab hloov cov khoom sib xyaw ua haujlwm.
Lub gadget yog ib qho khoom siv thev naus laus zis me me uas muaj cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb, tab sis feem ntau xav tias yog qhov tshiab. Gadgets yog invariably suav hais tias yog txawv txawv los yog cleverly tsim dua li ib txwm technological khoom thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lawv invention. Gadgets qee zaum kuj hu ua gizmos.
Electronics yog txawv los ntawm hluav taws xob thiab electro mechanical science thiab technology, uas cuam tshuam nrog tiam, faib, hloov, cia thiab hloov hluav taws xob mus rau thiab los ntawm lwm lub zog siv cov xov hlau, motors, generators, roj teeb, keyboards, relays, transformers, resistors. thiab lwm yam passive Cheebtsam. Qhov kev sib txawv no tau pib nyob ib puag ncig xyoo 1906 nrog kev tsim los ntawm Lee De Forest ntawm lub triode, uas ua rau hluav taws xob amplification ntawm lub xov tooj cua tsis muaj zog thiab cov teeb liab suab tau nrog cov cuab yeej tsis siv tshuab. Txog xyoo 1950 daim teb no tau hu ua xov tooj cua tshuab vim nws daim ntawv thov tseem ceeb yog tus tsim thiab kev xav ntawm lub xov tooj cua transmitters, receivers thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev raj.
Niaj hnub no, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob feem ntau siv cov khoom siv semiconductor los tswj cov hluav taws xob. Kev kawm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob semiconductor thiab cov thev naus laus zis ntsig txog yog suav tias yog ib ceg ntawm lub xeev lub cev physics, qhov kev tsim thiab kev tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob los daws cov teeb meem tshwm sim los ntawm electronics engineering. Kab lus no tsom mus rau engineering yam ntawm electronics.
Ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob yog ib qho chaw hauv lub cev hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob siv los cuam tshuam rau cov hluav taws xob lossis lawv cov chaw cuam tshuam hauv qhov xav tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Cov Cheebtsam feem ntau yog tsim los txuas ua ke, feem ntau yog los ntawm kev sib txuas rau lub rooj tsavxwm luam tawm (PCB), los tsim ib qho hluav taws xob hluav taws xob nrog ib qho haujlwm tshwj xeeb (piv txwv li amplifier, xov tooj cua receiver, lossis oscillator). Cheebtsam tej zaum yuav raug ntim ib leeg los yog nyob rau hauv ntau pawg complex raws li kev sib txuas ua ke. Qee cov khoom siv hluav taws xob feem ntau yog cov capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes, transistors, thiab lwm yam. Cheebtsam feem ntau categorized li active (xws li transistors thiab thyristors) los yog passive (xws li resistors thiab capacitors).
Feem ntau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob analog, xws li xov tooj cua receivers, yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm ob peb hom kab hluav taws xob yooj yim. Analog circuits siv ntau qhov sib txuas ntawm qhov hluav taws xob tsis sib xws rau cov qib sib txawv xws li hauv cov digital circuits. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov analog circuits sib txawv kom deb li deb tau tsim yog loj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim hais tias ib lub voj voog tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog dab tsi los ntawm ib qho kev tivthaiv, mus rau cov tshuab uas muaj ntau txhiab yam khoom. Analog circuits qee zaum hu ua linear circuits txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam tsis zoo siv hauv cov analog circuits xws li mixers, modulators, thiab lwm yam. Cov piv txwv zoo ntawm analog circuits muaj xws li lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum thiab transistor amplifiers, ua haujlwm amplifiers thiab oscillators.
Ib tug tsis tshua pom niaj hnub circuits uas yog tag nrho analog. Niaj hnub no analog circuitry yuav siv cov digital lossis microprocessor cov tswv yim los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm. Hom Circuit Court no feem ntau hu ua cov teeb liab sib xyaw es tsis yog analog lossis digital. Qee lub sij hawm nws yuav nyuaj rau kev sib txawv ntawm analog thiab digital circuits vim lawv muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm ob qho tib si linear thiab nonlinear ua haujlwm. Ib qho piv txwv yog tus piv uas yuav siv sij hawm nyob rau hauv ib tug tas mus li ntau yam ntawm voltage tab sis tsuas yog outputs ib tug ntawm ob theem raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug digital circuit. Ib yam li ntawd, ib qho overdriven transistor amplifier tuaj yeem ua raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev hloov pauv uas muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ob theem ntawm cov zis.
Cov kab hluav taws xob digital yog cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob raws li tus lej ntawm cov hluav taws xob tsis sib xws. Cov circuits digital yog cov sawv cev ntawm lub cev feem ntau ntawm Boolean algebra thiab yog lub hauv paus ntawm txhua lub khoos phis tawj digital. Rau feem ntau cov engineers, cov ntsiab lus digital circuit, digital system thiab logic yog sib hloov hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm digital circuits. Feem ntau cov digital circuits siv binary system nrog ob theem voltage sau npe 0 thiab 1. Feem ntau logic 0 yuav yog qhov qis dua thiab hu ua Low thaum logic 1 yog hu ua High. Txawm li cas los xij, qee lub tshuab siv qhov rov qab txhais (0 yog Siab) lossis tam sim no raws li. Ternary (nrog peb lub xeev) logic tau kawm, thiab qee qhov qauv siv computer ua. Cov khoos phis tawj, moos hluav taws xob, thiab cov khoom siv logic tswj tau tsim los ntawm digital circuits. Cov teeb liab digital processors yog lwm qhov piv txwv.