ngu-Inthanethi Archive Book Izithombe
Transistors - Isixazululo Esiphelele Sokukhulisa Izimpawu Zikagesi Ezintekenteke
I-transistor iyisisetshenziswa se-elekthronikhi esincane esingabangela izinguquko kusiginali enkulu yokuphuma kukagesi ngoshintsho oluncane kusignali encane yokufaka. Okusho ukuthi, isignali yokufaka ebuthakathaka ingakhuliswa yi-transistor. I-transistor iqukethe izendlalelo ezintathu ze-silicon noma i-germanium semiconductor material. Ukungcola kwengezwa kusendlalelo ngasinye ukuze kwakhiwe indlela ethile yokuziphatha eshajwa kahle kagesi noma engalungile. U-“P” ungowesendlalelo esishajwayo kanti u-“N” ungowesendlalelo esishajwayo esinegethivu. Ama-Transistors angaba yi-NPN noma i-PNP ekucushweni kwezendlalelo. Awukho umehluko othile ngaphandle kwe-polarity yama-voltages adinga ukusetshenziswa ukwenza i-transistor isebenze. Isignali yokufaka ebuthakathaka isetshenziswa kungqimba olumaphakathi olubizwa ngokuthi isisekelo futhi ngokuvamile lubhekiselwa emhlabathini nawo oxhunywe kungqimba olungezansi olubizwa ngokuthi i-emitter. Isignali enkudlwana yokuphumayo ithathwa kumqoqi futhi ebhekiselwa phansi kanye ne-emitter. Ama-resistors engeziwe nama-capacitor ayadingeka kanye nomthombo wamandla okungenani owodwa we-DC ukuze kuqedelwe i-transistor amplifier.
I-transistor iyisakhiwo semishini yesimanje kagesi kanye nemisakazo eyandulelwe yona, ama-calculator, amakhompyutha, nezinye izinhlelo zesimanje zikagesi. Abaqambi empeleni baklonyeliswa ngeNobel Prize ngo-1956 ngokusungula i-transistor. Kungaphikiswana ngokuthi ingenye yezinto eziqanjiwe ezibalulekile zekhulu lama-20. Ngo-2009, i-transistor yokuqala eyasungulwa yi-Bell Labs yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-IEEE Milestone. Kunama-transistors angaphezu kwesigidigidi akhiqizwa unyaka ngamunye (aziwa ngokuthi ama-discrete transistors). Kodwa-ke, iningi elikhulu likhiqizwa kumasekethe ahlanganisiwe kanye nama-diode, ama-resistors, ama-capacitor, nezinye izakhi ze-elekthronikhi, ezihlanganisa amasekhethi kagesi. Ama-Transistors angasetshenziswa ngenani lanoma yikuphi ukusuka ku-20 kumasango anengqondo ukuya ku-3 billion ku-microprocessor. Ngenxa yezindleko eziphansi, ukuguquguquka, nokuthembeka okuhlotshaniswa ne-transistor, isikhiqizwa kabanzi kakhulu. Ukubeka izinto ngendlela efanele, kwakunama-transistors ayizigidi ezingu-60 akhelwe wonke umuntu eMhlabeni emuva ngo-2002. Manje ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi, lelo nani lisaqhubeka nokukhula.
Izinhlobo ezimbili zama-transistors i-bipolar transistor kanye ne-field-effect transistor, ezinokuhluka okuncane mayelana nendlela asetshenziswa ngayo kusekethe. Ama-Transistors avame ukusetshenziswa njengamaswishi e-elekthronikhi kukho kokubili amandla aphezulu kanye nezicelo zamandla aphansi. Angasetshenziswa futhi njengama-amplifiers ngokuthi ushintsho oluncane ku-voltage lushintsha i-current encane ngokusebenzisa isisekelo se-transistor. Ezinye izinzuzo eziyinhloko zama-transistors ngaphezu kweminye imikhiqizo usayizi omncane, isisindo esincane, ukungasebenzisi amandla yi-heater cathode, isikhathi sokufudumala kwama-cathode heater adingekayo ngemva kokufakwa kwamandla, ukwethembeka okuphezulu, ubunzima obukhulu bomzimba, impilo ende kakhulu, kanye nokungezwani ukushaqeka komshini nokudlidliza, phakathi kokunye.
Abakhiqizi abaphambili bama-transistors yiMaxim Integrated, Micro semi Power Products Group, NXP Semiconductors, ON Semiconductor, Panasonic Electronic Components, Rohm Semiconductor, Sanken, SANYO Semiconductor Corporation, STMicroelectronics, kanye neToshiba.
Uma u-Google wezingxenye ezingcono kakhulu ze-transistor uzothola izitolo eziningi zokumisa eyodwa zanoma yiziphi izingxenye ze-transistor ozifunayo, kungakhathalekile ukuthi zikhiqizwa ngubani noma ziyini inhloso.